2024. Here, the authors outline what they consider top ethics concerns, grouped around five moral and societal core values: autonomy, privacy, equity, proportionality, and trust. Millions of Americans have sent their DNA to commercial testing companies such as 23andMe or Ancestry to learn more about their heritage or potential for disease. Case studies can be used in many different fields, including psychology, medicine, education, anthropology, political science, and social work. The school was in a run-down neighborhood three miles south of downtown that was plagued by armed robberies. How does the ethical decision-making model presented in this module apply to the case? You might also want to talk with your supervisor, classmates, professors, or other practitioners about these Oct 5, 2018 · Vari Hall, Santa Clara University 500 El Camino Real Santa Clara, CA 95053 408-554-5319 . By thinking about and discussing them, students can cultivate ethical patterns of thought prior to leaving academia, professionals can carefully consider the ethical implications of their work, and the public can consider what is at stake in living on the Jul 10, 2020 · The case of the Boeing 737 MAX provides valuable lessons for engineers and engineering educators concerning the ethical responsibilities of the profession. 2. There are Ethical Use of Home DNA Testing. Costco maintains a company code of ethics which states: “The continued success of our company depends on how well each We have chosen to stay engaged and attempt to drive changes on the ground. , and published in his newsletter, FineLine. In order to write these cases, the fellows Jul 7, 2023 · Research Ethics Cases for Use by the NIH Community. Writing Format. 2013; Johnson et al. These case studies are designed for teaching purposes, to help students develop critical responses to ethical issues, taking into account a multitude of viewpoints. Ethics Case Study – 21. These case studies represent interesting situations that a bioengineer, biologist or biochemist may encounter in their professional lives. They are the product of a research collaboration between Feb 29, 2024 · Case 1: Handling of Images and Graphs. [27] Furthermore, in 2009, the company announced that it would Jun 14, 2019 · In the public health field, case studies provide a useful lens through which to examine individual women’s sexual and reproductive health experiences, particularly those of rape, unintended pregnancy, and unsafe abortion; an in-depth analysis of these personal experiences can identify contextual risk factors and missed opportunities for 02 Sep. Critics [ 30] who argue that Facebook is profiting from the spread of misinformation—are “factually wrong. Download Case Study PDF. 0 International License. Find ethics case studies on topics in Internet ethics including privacy, hacking, social media, the right to be forgotten, and hashtag activism. In an effort for greater transparency, Apple has released annual reports detailing their work with suppliers and labor practices. ”. Ethics Case Study – 26. Applied to professionalism and research, case-based learning consists of using factual or fictional scenarios to illustrate examples of complex and ambiguous ethical and professional situations researchers may face (Bagdasarov et al. An AI Ethics Case Study. The Ethics Committee does believe, however, that through a collective experience, you may find some useful commonalities to your particular issue. Case Study 5: The Slap—How to Best Help Hope 176 Chris C. Lauer. May 25, 2003 · Location: Southeast United States. It is ultimately self-defeating. For lecturers teaching large classes, case studies with multiple parts and different methods of solution lend Choose a case study from among the five case studies attached. These case studies were developed out of an interdisciplinary workshop series at Princeton University that began in 2017-18. Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research designs and practices. Internet Ethics. We will also train you with the right approach to write high-scoring answers. Maps & Directions; Contact Us; SCU on Facebook; SCU on X (formerly Twitter) Aug 4, 2022 · From an ethical perspective, the Covid-19 pandemic is like a prism: It helps us see the spectrum of issues clearly and distinctly. While more recent investigations have shown some improvements to suppliers’ working conditions, Apple continues to face criticism as Journalism and Media Ethics Resources. Read your case study carefully and then follow the steps below in writing your second case study assignment. Journalism and Media Ethics Cases. This course will help candidates understand the difficult concepts connected with ethics case studies. The Paul Cronan case is by right considered one of the most demonstrative cases. $2. Gonzalez. Chapter 4 Competence 183 Gerald Corey and Barbara Herlihy. Nov 21, 2023 · Starbucks considers leadership, employees, vendors, communities, and shareholders as partners in carrying out the mission of inspiring and nurturing the human spirit. To help us think seriously about data ethics, we need case studies that we can discuss, argue about, and come to terms with as we engage with the real world. The blame can often be laid at ignorance, miscommunications and, in some extreme cases, indifference or negligence. CEO John Stumpf claimed that the scandal was the result of a few bad apples who did not honor the company’s values and that there were no incentives to commit unethical behavior. Jan 25, 2024 · Aung San Suu Kyi & the Rohingya Humanitarian Crisis Epilogue. Engineering failures are not new. Theme 23 – Authorship, Collaborations, and Mentoring (2023) Theme 22 – Use of Human Biospecimens and Informed Consent (2022) Theme 21 – Science Under Pressure (2021) Theme 20 – Data, Project and Lab Management, and Communication (2020) Theme 19 – Civility, Harassment and This page shows a sample case analysis for the course Genomics, Ethics, and Society. In 2006, Damany Lewis was a 29-year-old math teacher at Parks Middle School in Atlanta. Case studies are a tool for discussing scientific integrity. Cheating: Atlanta’s School Scandal. Although one of the most frequently used tools for encouraging discussion, cases are only one of many possible tools. 1001/amajethics. This ethical theory, then, is simply unrealistic and impractical in the long run. Written by seasoned practitioners, this companion coaching case study book offers a more personal perspective on ethics in practice. Using ethical reasoning, whether you’re designing a campaign or writing a newspaper article Apr 2, 2020 · Bioethical issues. Chapter 3 Confidentiality 169 Barbara Herlihy and Gerald Corey. Having indirectly consulted one staff member, the chief of surgery, E. ) Bioethics. Mar 12, 2021 · There is much common ground based on the application of the four major principles of medical ethics: nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. These problems aside, Coca-Cola’s overall perfor- mance seemed to improve under Isdell’s tenure. This step-by-step framework includes: These case studies are designed to be used as part of ethics education in chemistry. Ethics Case Study – 20. Journalists were conflicted about the ethical implications of Snowden’s actions. Case 5: Research Reproducibility I: Sample Composition and Reproducibility. Select a case study from the Cases Series or find one in the “Additional Cases” section that resonates with your industry or profession. Try analyzing the cases from the perspective of a trainee and a supervisor. Conclusion. Ethics Case Study – 19. Open Source AI: To Release or Not To Release the GPT-2 Synthetic Text Generator. 2 The U. Ethical dilemmas come in various forms and for several reasons. The theoretical part is based on the method of social documents analysis, and presents a complex perspective on abortion, highlighting items of medical, ethical, moral, religious, social, economic and legal elements. Case studies on clinical ethics issues and patient care issues, such as influenza vaccine shortage, long-distance cancer treatment, and conscientious refusal. The Ohio State University. These works are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Oct 18, 2021 · Revised on May 9, 2024. Body. The ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Practice (“the Code”) is meant to inform practice and education. Then, reason through the ethical dimensions presented, and sketch the ethical decision-making Download Case Study PDF. We provide the details of the case, identify the ethical issues it raises, and examine the ethical principles involved. In It To Win View All A documentary and six short videos reveal the behavioral ethics biases in super-lobbyist Jack Abramoff's story. Focus Areas. The cases raise a variety of ethical problems faced by journalists, including such issues as privacy, conflict of interest, reporter- source relationships, and the role of journalists in their communities. (For permission to reprint articles, submit requests to ethics@scu. Jones is admitted to hospital with a fragility hip fracture. The case studies were written for use in workshops or classrooms where each scenario can be read by the participants in 2-5 minutes. An African-American electronics design lead wonders whether his colleague's contentious behavior is motivated by racism. Ethics Case Study for ABC Incorporated and Questions By Renee Rampulla, CPA, Technical Manager, AICPA Professional Ethics Division and updated by Ellen Goria, CPA, Senior Manager Independence and Special Projects in March 2015 This case, involving ABC Incorporated, contains various ethical issues confronted by members in business and industry. Jul 11, 2020 · Ethics Case Study: Infomercial Uncertainties. Smith and Kevin P. It is useful as the conscience of the profession, but also for individual decision-making. We publish them here as a resource for teachers of research ethics and as a contribution to several ongoing ethical debates. Case Studies What follows are three case studies taken from Bernard and Goodyear (1999). Results: The case study presents a patient with morbid obesity, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, and numerous ICU admissions. You should refer back to this model when you are writing up case In It To Win View All A documentary and six short videos reveal the behavioral ethics biases in super-lobbyist Jack Abramoff's story. In 2016, Well Fargo was fined a combined total $185 million for fraudulent activity, and CEO John Stumpf resigned. Home DNA testing is a booming business. 0. The Starbucks Code of Ethics Case studies on ethical issues for mechanical engineers. Mar 30, 2019 · In our case study, 93 year old Ms. Budget: $34 Million. (For permission to reprint cases, submit requests to ethics@scu. Case Studies. A joint program for mid-career professionals that integrates engineering and systems thinking. Party Involved: General Contractor. Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case Study Utilizing the ethical decision-making model to assess and outline the Missing Needle Protector case study begins with identifying the elements of model. The editorial board of The New York Times stated, “He may have committed a crime…but he has done his country a great service. Case studies about workplace issues. Writing an ethics case study is one of the most effective ways to explore an ethical dilemma or research any topic. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics. 1: Ethics Case Study. edu . David Anderson. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. . Risking the newsroom’s image: How editors, in a good cause, can strain independence. December 3, 1984 1: 15- 1:30 am: At Bhopal’s 1,200-bed Hamidia Hospital, the first patient with eye trouble reported. As a first step, we must recognize that there is actually an ethical dilemma; in this case, the dilemma is whether the patient should proceed with surgery or not, given her underlying medical conditions and potential for perioperative complications. Between 2011 and 2016, approximately 5,300 employees were fired for fraudulent Choose one or more of the following case studies and lead a discussion which allows students to address and debate issues of integrity, ethics and law. The following are five main reasons why nurses face ethical dilemmas in nursing. The patient refuses treatment. The Rock Ethics Institute provides a 12-step approach for analyzing ethical case studies. Find ethics case studies on journalism covering topics such as stealth journalism, pressures from advertisers, and the personal lives of public officials. Nursing assignments may contradict cultural or religious beliefs. The engineering ethics cases in this series were written by Santa Clara University School of Engineering students Clare Bartlett, Nabilah Deen, and Jocelyn Tan, who worked as Hackworth Engineering Ethics Fellows at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics over the course of the 2014-2015 academic year. In all cases, you should consider the wider impact of your decisions on patients and their treatment. Below are a set of fictional case studies that are designed to prompt reflection and discussion about issues at the intersection of AI and Ethics. We also offer a YouTube channel and a range of social media. From the Johnstown Flood in 1889 to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, engineering failures have been caused by problems in design, construction and safety protocol. Select an Ethical Issue. Scandals Illustrated View All 30 videos - one minute each - introduce newsworthy scandals with ethical insights and case studies. pedagogical factors, influenced by broader cultural, institutional, and pol icy Wells Fargo also confirmed that it had fired over 5,300 employees over the past few years related to shady sales practices. Patient Decision-Making Bioethics Case Study. Case studies are one of the best ways to learn about ethical dilemmas and to achieve insights into various complexities and stakeholder perspectives. Case 6: Research Reproducibility II: Prostate Cancer Serum Biomarker Study. Good case studies give us the opportunity to think through problems Case Studies. A key purpose of ERIC is to share stories, experiences and learning about ethical issues and concerns that shape research involving children and young people. While Dax’s case is certainly important to conversations regarding decision making in burn care, his is not the only story there is. 4. Costco is often cited as one of the world’s most ethical companies. law, Department of Defense policies, Service regulations, and doctrine and joint Service publications. The initial core of this database comes from a series of cases developed by Barry Bingham, Jr. It therefore assumes that everyone knows what is good for them. As prescribed by the Preamble of the Code, computing professionals should approach the dilemma with a holistic reading of the One former employee said she could not meet sales goals in any ethical way and called the Wells Fargo’s ethics hotline. 2012; Kolodner 1992). It is also a tool to support instruction, debate, and dialogue regarding public health ethics. Case Studies; Medical Ethics and Policy Guidance; Shared Decision Making and Advance Care Planning; Filter by Category. reveals that ethical challenges emerge from the comple x interplay of technological, social, and. Margrét V. Insurmountable Differences. has enough information to make an informed ethical decision. For permission to reprint articles, submit requests to ethics@scu. Mar 31, 2021 · The requirements for ethical behavior by all members of the military—and especially those in leadership positions—are clearly stated in U. You are assigned to the creative team working on a 30 minute infomercial for a wrinkle-reduction face cream, Smoothinelle, owned by one of your cosmetic company clients, Cosmelle Corp. Case 2: A Technically Challenging Method Collides With a Hot Topic. This process became well-known in many countries and aroused numerous discussions all over the world. Please feel free to use these case studies in your classrooms, or modify as necessary for your Sep 4, 2018 · In fact, the gas was not being neutralized but was shooting out the vent scrubber stack and settling over the plant. Ethics Case Study – 24. Bjarnadóttir. Apr 22, 2024 · CASE STUDIES. below). Identify the ethical issue in the case and explain why you think it is an ethical issue and not a legal or The following are helpful for introducing real-life ethics situations to students. This essay will present the clinical case regard to Mr Green's attempt to suicide, identify the ethical Jul 10, 2020 · The case of the Boeing 737 MAX provides valuable lessons for engineers and engineering educators concerning the ethical responsibilities of the profession. While an inpatient, she is cared for by her longtime oncologist, hospitalists, and ultimately a critical care team. Apr 3, 2024 · The ClearIAS Ethics Course will help aspirants master Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude. The fact that CRISPR-Cas9 is among the important discoveries of the 21st century is widely accepted in the scientific community and related industries. doi: 10. edu. Safety is not cheap, but careless engineering design in the name of minimizing costs and adhering to a delivery schedule is a symptom of ethical blight. In an Op-ed in the same newspaper, Ed Morrissey argued that Snowden was not a hero, but a criminal: “by leaking information Ethics and Leadership Case Studies. By publishing contributions from international scholars and influential theologians and philosophers, the journal seeks to strengthen debate and to foster research on the wide range of topics that emerge in this fast-growing field. IRBs may apply a patient number cut-off (eg 3 or 5) above which a case series counts as research. David Gaddis Ross. A patient wants to access treatment near his home at a facility that is not on his managed care plan. Ethics Case Study – 22. All Categories; Medical Ethics and Policy Guidance (73) Ethical Theory and Principles (23) Informed Consent (6) Medical Ethics (38) Resource Allocation (10) Professional Education and Clinical Ethics (46) Patient/Physician Case Study PDFs. The case doesn't focus on genomics, but nonetheless, the way the model answer is laid out should help you to see what's being asked for. ) The cases raise a variety of ethical problems faced by journalists, including such issues as privacy, conflict of interest, reporter- source relationships, and the role of journalists in their communities. Martin present a complex case in clinical ethics This Open Access book highlights the ethical issues and dilemmas that arise in the practice of public health. The SPJ Code of Ethics is voluntarily embraced by thousands of journalists, regardless of place or platform, and is widely used in newsrooms and classrooms as a guide for ethical behavior. Project Delivery System: Competitive Bid. Bioethics Resources. A 26-year-old woman with major depression is hospitalized because she is suicidal. The case studies are not prescriptive, as each ethical dilemma encountered is unique. S. It has been called a “testimony to ethical capitalism” in large part due to its company practices and treatment of employees. Case 3: Handling of Clinical Data. Offshore oil and gas reserves, primarily along coastlines in Alaska, California, Louisiana, and Texas, account for a large proportion of the oil and gas supply in the United Jan 18, 2024 · A case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event. She was eventually fired. , 2008, pp 120–122. This open access collection of AI ethics case studies is the first book to present real-life case studies combined with commentaries and strategies for overcoming ethical challenges. Ethics Case Study – 23. To support this mission, the Ethics, Society, and Technology Initiatives are creating a high-quality production of open-source ethics, policy, and technology case studies for use in university and industry settings. Patients or their loved ones must make life or death decisions. Strictly speaking, ethical egoism allows people to do great harm if they think it is for their own good. Algorithmic Decision-Making and Accountability An ethical analysis of the relevant issues is given within the Principles of Biomedical Ethics framework, highlighting the principles of autonomy, beneficence, non–maleficence, and justice. Internet Ethics Cases. Their original use is for an undergraduate course on ethics, public policy, and technology, and they have been designed to prompt discussion about issues at the intersection of those fields. Cyber Harassment. Find case studies on topics in health care and biotechnology ethics, including end-of-life care, clinical ethics, pandemics, culturally competent care, vulnerable patient populations, and other topics in bioethics. The code is intended not as a set of "rules" but as a resource for ethical decision-making. Ethics Case Studies. Jun 10, 2024 · Studies in Christian Ethics is an English-language journal devoted exclusively to questions arising in the field of Christian ethics and moral theology. The board initially stood behind the CEO Jul 8, 2023 · January 2021. Assistant Project Manager Jim Rains was 26 years old, newly hired at a large commercial construction company, and was assigned to work on a $34 million dollar university classroom project in the southeast United By 2004 Neville Isdell, former chairman and CEO of Coca-Cola Beverages Plc in Great Britain, was called out of retirement to improve Coca-Cola’s reputation; however, the com- pany continued to face ethical crises. Much has been written about Dax Cowart’s tragic burn injury, treatment, and recovery. Case studies on ethical issues for electrical engineers. This epilogue accompanies, "Fallen Idol? Aung San Suu Kyi & the Rohingya Humanitarian Crisis," HKS Case Number 2139. Elizabeth A. 373. The cases highlight diverse ethical issues and provide lessons for the various options available for policymaking (see Sect. Competing groups frame the debate over oil drilling off Alaska’s coast in varying ways depending on their environmental and economic interests. In their article, “Confidentiality in the Age of AIDS,” Martin L. Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from people. 3. In many ways, social media platforms have created great benefits for our societies by expanding and diversifying the ways people communicate with each other, and yet these On September 8, 2016, Wells Fargo, one of the nation’s oldest and largest banks, admitted in a settlement with regulators that it had created as many as two million accounts for customers without their permission. Its simple structured layout and focus on ethical dilemmas make it an attractive course supplementary text and More specifically, according to an IKEA Foundation article written in 2013, “Since 2000, the IKEA Foundation has committed €60 million to help fight child labour in India and Pakistan, aiming to prevent children from working in the cotton, metalware and carpet industries. Gulleen, MD and Margaret Lubwama, MBChB, MMed. military’s commitment to these high ethical leadership standards is manifested in Mar 27, 2017 · This case collection, although covering a range of ethics topics relevant to genomic medicine, allows only for introductory analysis of these issues. Lewis himself had grown up in a violent neighborhood. Many of the principles discussed below for discussing case studies can be generalized to other approaches to encouraging discussion about research ethics. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject's life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior. The Paul Cronan case took place at 1985. However, the rapid rise of CRISPR-Cas9 has led to new bioethical, social, and legal issues in medicine, agriculture, livestock, and the environment. Publication Date: January 25, 2024. EthicsEthics Case Studies. 2024;26 (5):E373-379. The rising popularity of at-home DNA testing kits raises questions about privacy and consumer rights. The goal of end-of-life care for elderly people is to improve their quality of life, helping them cope with illness, disability, death, and an honorable death process. 1. If time allows, let the students vote on which case studies they want to discuss. This collection presents six case studies on the ethics of mental health research, written by scientific researchers and ethicists from around the world. The 13 case studies are Jan 1, 2012 · These case studies in ethics are adapted with permission from LW Roberts, JG Hoop: Professionalism and Ethics: Q&A Self-Study Guide for Mental Health Professionals. Abstract. Facebook does not cause polarization or so-called “filter bubbles” and that “most serious studies do not show this. Case studies have been contributed by researchers, using their own words, to assist others to reflect critically on some of the more difficult and contested ethical issues Feb 20, 2021 · 3. Ethics Case Study – 25. Case and Commentary. Analyzing ethical case studies with your mentors, colleagues, and peer students also provides opportunities for each participant to articulate her own ethical values and to seek ethical consensus within the group. Everyone is happy to hear that TV actress Patricia Heaton, the wife on Everybody Loves Raymond, has agreed to be Case Study 4: Working With an Immigrant Family 164 Laura M. Case studies on ethics for computer and software engineers. Case Study 6: A Supervisee Feels Betrayed 179 Adria Shipp. The issue of ethics is important in the strategic communication profession. Education in research ethics is can help people get a better understanding of ethical standards, policies, and issues and improve ethical judgment and decision making. Studying real-life scenarios and their circumstances might help you understand what went wrong and how to avoid similar problems. Case 4: Sources of Potential Bias and Data Sharing. This was fraud, pure and simple. Creators of content should heavily rely on a code of ethics when carrying out various tasks. Case study is considered as the preferred method when holistic, in-depth investigation is needed, as this method allows the researcher to closely examine the data within a specific Apr 27, 2023 · The study. May 7, 2020 · Abstract. Dec 1, 2015 · The case study demonstrates an ethical dilemma faced by a nursing staff taking care of an end stage aggressive prostate cancer patient Mr Green who confided to the nurse his suicide attempt and ask the nurse to keep the secret for him. Within five minutes, there were a thousand patients. The Case of the Long-Distance Cancer Treatment. There are numerous indicative examples of cases that soundly touch ethical and moral aspect of human rights. Each scenario is followed by a presentation of several choices designed to generate group discussion. If time permits, perhaps in the context of a specialized clinical elective on medical genetics, students could engage with the practice guidelines in these areas to develop a deeper understanding Arctic Offshore Drilling. Our resources are widely reprinted in textbooks and trade books, and used extensively in classes and training. Sarah is a 73-year-old individual who identifies as female and is suffering from metastatic colon cancer. Patients living in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) shoulder the greatest burden of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. It seems to have been caused by a culture in the bank that made unreasonable demands upon employees. Although the practice of public health has always included consideration of ethical issues, the field of public health ethics as a discipline is a relatively new and emerging area. Each consists of a description of a research study that Aug 8, 2018 · These studies provide a foundation for discussing ethical issues so we can better integrate data ethics in real life. A recently promoted manager at an industrial engineering company discovers that factory workers are asked to work more than eight hours a day without getting paid overtime. Below is a "model" answer to the whitebark pine case. System Design & Management. Ethics Case Study – 18. This article presents a research study on abortion from a theoretical and empirical point of view. Through the Ethics, Society, and Technology (EST) Case Study Program a talented team of case writers develop and prototype case A Better Way for Companies to Address Pay Gaps. Jan 13, 2017 · A case study approach was employed to investigate the sustainable and ethical manufacturing practices of a handloom textile manufacturing company based in Sri Lanka. Initially Sarah has decision-making capacity, Sarah makes Dec 22, 2023 · Ethical Case Studies for Coach Development and Practice is an essential accompaniment for coaches. Know more about the ClearIAS Ethics Course. Soon after Myanmar’s longtime democracy crusader and opposition leader, Aung San Suu Kyi, was Cases are an effective way to introduce ethics topics, and for people to learn how to spot ethical issues. Jasmine Roberts. Nov 3, 2022 · These illustrative case studies explore various innovative topics and fields that raise challenges requiring ethical reflection and careful policymaking responses. Bioethics Cases. 6. Access hundreds of ethics articles, case studies, briefings, and other materials on applied ethics across a variety of fields. AMA J Ethics. In any case, a course in research ethics can be useful in helping to prevent deviations from norms even if it does not prevent misconduct. Note: Do not repeat the case study nor summarize the case study. 45. The goals of human research often include understanding real-life phenomena, studying effective treatments Oct 29, 2021 · This article presents the case of an HIV-positive patient who presented the treating physician, a psychiatrist, with an ethical dilemma. Case Study 7: I Feel Jun 5, 2021 · In response to a frenzy of hostile tweets, LeCun made the following four claims: 1. After a student defames a middle school teacher on social media, the teacher confronts the student in class and posts a video of the confrontation online. By using a structured analysis, organizations can Ethics Resources. Gather Relevant Information. In this article, the case of Andrea Rubin, also a severe burn survivor, is introduced as another voice in this Some case studies are published for educational purposes rather than research, and in others, where data were collected as part of routine care, permission might be given by a hospital or research institute rather than an ethics committee. Business ethics Digital Article. Page ID. ju is la ge qb fy rw pz ga ng